The second exam will be on Monday, April 19. As before, you will have 50 minutes to complete the exam; I will provide the "blue books" for your answers.

Part 1. Objective ("ID") section: This section of the exam will be relatively small, and it will be worth only 20% of the exam grade. It will, however, be quite different from what it was in the first exam. For this exam, I will present you quotations from 5 or 6 of the primary sources that we have read and discussed. You will have to identify the authors of 3 of them and you will also be asked to explain briefly (1) why you knew the author of the passage and (2) the significance of the passage. Complete answers need not be more than a couple of tightly worded sentences. I am not going to put anything tricky or obscure on the exam. The way to prepare for this section is to review the key concepts and historical significance of all of the readings. [By limiting this to primary sources, I am excluding Cameron's and Ozment's books.]

Part 2. Analytical (essay) section: You will have to write 2 essays; each will be worth 40% of the grade. You will have 4 essay questions from which to choose. Since you now have some idea of the type of questions you will be asked on a history exam, I will not be making things quite so easy for you in this study guide. I will give you guidance on the topics that you should be able to address, but I will not give you specific essay questions. Be prepared to discuss the following, making sure that you use the textbook as well as class lectures and discusssions:

• The main ideas of the major church reformers of the 16th century (Erasmus, Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin). What did they have in common? How did they differ? Why was Erasmus able to stay in the old church, while Luther was not? How did the old church respond to the reformers? To what extent did it reform itself?
• The impact of the Renaissance and Reformation. How does their impact compare, especially on different social groups? Was the Reformation more beneficial to women than the Renaissance? How typical of humanists are women like Christine de Pizan? How did the Reformation affect politics, kingship, and the role of government?
• The causes and effects of wars. What caused the major civil and international wars of the 16th and 17th centuries? Were these "wars of religion"? What impact did these wars have? Did they result in social, intellectual, military and/or political change of any significance? As a result of these wars, how different was Europe in 1648 from what it had been in 1500?
• The nature of kingship. What was the role of a king? What was the source of his power? Did the nature of kingship, the role of kings, the scope of their authority change from 1500 to 1648? What new ideas developed that affected the way in which royal power was understood, and especially how it might be limited and/or resisted? What roles did the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution play in the development of these ideas?
• The impact of the European encounter with the Americas. What was the economic, political, intellectual and material impact of the encounter? Were there areas in which the impact was less than might have been expected? Were there areas in which the impact was great but in unexpected or unintentional ways?
• The Scientific Revolution. What is "revolutionary" about it? How big is the break with the past? How does it affect concepts of knowledge and authority? What are its effects outside of the area of science?