Do exercise 21.1 on page 472. Don't worry about cases where the
given riddle predicate would go into infinite loops:
your more efficient predicate can do something different in those
cases.
Do exercise 21.2 on page 472.
Exercise 23.x1: Using the natural semantics for Language One,
show how the conclusion
plus(const(2),times(const(3),const(4)))→14 would be
derived. That is, what are the immediately preceding premises from
which a rule allows this conclusion to be derived? And for any of
those immediately preceding premises that is itself a consequence of
applying some rule to earlier premises, what are those?
Exercise 23.x2: Using the natural semantics for Language Two,
show how the conclusion
⟨let(x,const(2),times(var(x),const(4))), [ ]⟩→8 would be
derived. That is, what are the immediately preceding premises from
which a rule allows this conclusion to be derived? And for any of
those immediately preceding premises that is itself a consequence of
applying some rule to earlier premises, what are those?
Exercise 23.x3: The natural semantics rules for Language Two
make use of an auxilliary function lookup. This can be
eliminated if two different rules are used for var
expressions. One of these rules is
⟨var(x), bind(x,v)::C⟩→v.
What is the other rule? Hint 1: Look at the Prolog rules for the
lookup predicate. Hint 2: In addition to the premises listed above
the line in a natural semantics rule, you can also have a "side condition" listed next to the rule. This is any mathematical condition on the rule's metavariables that must hold in order for the rule to be applicable. For example, the rule for plus could be rewritten with v3 in the conclusion in place of v1+v2, provided that a side condition is written next to the rule, namely v3=v1+v2.